Innocent drinks Company Essay

â€Å"Innocent drinks† is company that selling famous drinks in The United Kingdom which started by 3 Cambridge students in 1999. This is a drink that makes with 100 percent pure and natural fruit juice. Smoothies are the primary product of â€Å"Innocent drinks† and people are aware of it due to its healthy image. The company provides different product range and the distribution of channels covered most of the supermarkets, coffee shops and etc. For every year â€Å"Innocent drinks† will donate 10 percent of their profits to charity and this called The Innocent Foundation. This foundation has helped a lot of people. This report will analyses the process of â€Å"Innocent drinks† from 1999 to 2013. 1.Organization Structure There are many types of organization structure, for example, hierarchical structure, matrix structure and etc. For different structure, it has different result, management and objective. â€Å"Innocent drinks† was a small business in very competitive markets which is fit to entrepreneurial structure. The advantages of this structure are that the core team can make decisions quickly and for the members they can give some ideas to the core team and solve the problem that they are facing. â€Å"Innocent drinks† started from entrepreneurial structure and turned to hierarchical structure after few years. The reason of â€Å"Innocent drinks† turned into another structure is because they cannot satisfy their needs. They want to make themselves to be more famous and to earn more profit. â€Å"Innocent drinks† thinks that hierarchical structure has a good scale that can separate into different departments to achieve specialization. This can let the employees know what spot they are doing and they can exert their abilities. For example, in marketing they can help to promote the product or to think of a new design to attract the customers to buy it. When every department do well in the way they have to, it is easy for â€Å"Innocent drinks† to manage and achieve expected target like turnover. Ownership According to Finance maps of world ( 2012 ), â€Å"Business ownership means having the control over business enterprise and being able to dictate is functioning and operations.† From the beginning of â€Å"Innocent drinks† there were created by three Cambridge students who are Richard Reed, Adam Balon and Jon Wright. They used 500 pounds to set up this business with  partnership. The advantages of having a partnership are they can share the responsibility and operate for the common goal of making a profit. On the other hand, partnership lack of finance to expend so â€Å"Innocent drinks† decided to turn into private limited company in 2007 and it can separate legal identity, which can safeguard the operation of business and the company can debt more money from the bank it is because â€Å"Innocent drinks† can be a mortgage. Moreover, being a private limited company can have the purchase discounts and this can save some money for the company. Two years later, â€Å"Innocent drinks† has sold 18 percent of the company to Coca Cola which means that Coca Cola has the right to operate â€Å"Innocent drinks†. In 2013, Coca Cola has fully control â€Å"Innocent drinks† with 91 percent share. This cause that â€Å"Innocent drinks† has only a small minority holding. Hence, â€Å"Innocent drinks† turned into consultancy business which can only provide ideas and services. Growth Investopedia ( 2013 ) point out that â€Å"Growth is an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another.† Since the market change rapidly â€Å"Innocent drinks† has to create new type of product to cater the needs of the customers. From the beginning, â€Å"Innocent drinks† has only 3 recipes to almost 30 more over the years. The juice ranges of â€Å"Innocent drinks† started from the original taste and evolve to mixed taste. The product ranges is different, including kid, smoothie and thickies. For example, kid drinks are specially made to provide all the essentially vitamins to sustain their growth. In this product, â€Å"Innocent drinks† has made a different design and size to cater the needs children. 2.Reason of growth There are few reasons why â€Å"Innocent drinks† can be grown rapidly. Firstly, advertising. â€Å"Innocent drinks† has different advertisement on the television and for each advertisement it will represent their main product and shows that â€Å"Innocent drinks† never sweetened and never concentrated. The use of the advertisement is to build up a healthy image of â€Å"Innocent drinks† so that the customers will start considering to purchase this product. Secondly, PJ’s smoothies is the main rival of â€Å"Innocent drinks†. PJ’s smoothies has changed the image and increased price because it wants to be a  premier brand. While PJ’s smoothies increased its price, it lost some loyal customers at the same time. â€Å"Innocent drinks† might be cheaper than PJ’s smoothies, therefore, this cause more customers to choose â€Å"Innocent drinks†. Finance is another factor that enhances the growth of â€Å"Innocent drinks†. In 2004, the annual profit is 968000 pounds and it increases to 3066000 pounds in 2005. 3.Business strategy Business strategy is a business plan that takes place long-term in order to help achieve a specific goal or objective. Christina C (N.D.) The company analyzes the external and internal business environment before making an accurate decision. SWOT and PESTLE are the planning methods to evaluate the company. Strengths – â€Å"Innocent drinks† products are highly competitive because it made with 100 percent pure fruit juice and high quality and low price these are the advantages over the rivals. Weaknesses – distribution channels are small and weak brand reputation compare to other drink companies. Opportunity – â€Å"Innocent Drinks† serve the expectation of producing 100% fruit drinks and change the consumer tastes because the new products can attract their attention. Moreover, the company expands the market including target elderly. This is a unique area that preferable than other competitors. Threats – weather, the weather might affect the quality of the fruits and the transport and â€Å"Innocent drinks† has many rival, for example, PJ’s smoothies, Pepsi and Tropicana. Political – The government is very concerned about health and safety. â€Å"Innocent drinks† has to list out the ingredient on the product because it has to protect the consumer. Economic – Since inflation and the increase rate of unemployment will affect the confidence of consumers. Therefore, they tend to buy a cheaper brand instead of ‘Innocent Drinks’. Moreover, the economic condition also influences the company. For example, the high costs of purchasing ingredients and the taxation. Social – education, nowadays people are more concerned about their health therefore they will choose to buy a drink that is healthy for them, for example, 100 percent pure fruit juice and without any sugar. For population, â€Å"Innocent drinks† has not o nly targeted the adults and kids but also the elderlies. Furthermore, â€Å"Innocent drinks† will strengthen their brand through the advertisement, establish the healthy image in the society. Technological – affect the production level of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innocent drinks† because of the innovative technology. It leads to producing the juice efficiency and reduce the productive average costs by economies of scale. Moreover, the advance of technology can improve the communication flow which is beneficial of making accurate decision. Furthermore, the use of technology is helpful for ‘Innocent Drinks’ to recycle the bottles. Legal – minimum wage, for the company of â€Å"Innocent drinks† they have to sign a contract with every worker to protect their pay. Environmental – the trend of the world. The earth is facing global warming which makes â€Å"Innocent drinks† decided to recycle the plastic bottles to save the world

Leadership In Teamwork Essay

Leadership plays a significant role in the actualization of the set objectives and goals of organization. A leader is someone who has motivates the members in an organization in working towards effectively attaining the set objectives and goals of the organization. Hence, he poses the purveyor of punishment and rewards as a way of deterring laziness and encouraging hard work. Thus, a leader stares the members of the organization and keep them focused on the set objectives and goals of the organization. There are different leadership styles that are exhibited as the leader operates in the organization. These include: democratic leadership style, autocratic, free rein, and situational or transformational leadership. A democratic leader is one that that respects the views of members and adopts their input in making a final decision for the organization. This type of leader welcomes opinions from his subordinates and seeks their views on vital matters concerning the progression of the organization. On the other hand an autocratic leader is someone who does all the decisions in the organization by himself. He has little or no trust on the ability of subordinates. He or she tends to compel workers to abide by his or her decisions whether they are pleasing or not. Leize faire or free rein leadership style is one that gives maximum freedom to workers to make discretions of their own pertaining on how they choose to work or operate. He has little contribution to make on the pattern of steering the workers in working towards meeting the organization’s objectives and goals. Thus, he is regarded as a figure head. A situational or transformational leader is someone that adapt to changes in the environment in which he operates in. a transitional leader don’t have a fixed characteristics but adopt a leadership style that is most relevant in effectively meeting the organization’s objectives and   goals. This leadership style is considered as most effective as the leader will adapt to the changes in the environment by cultivating the right attitude towards motivating the workers in meeting the organization’s goals and objectives. A transformational leader adopts or transform to a given characteristic (either the X variables or Y variables in McGregor theory) depending on the situation. (Wetheim 2005). The transformational leader becomes more effective in periods of uncertainties and high level of instability in the environment. According to Gellis (2001), cited in Mizrahi & Berger (2005), â€Å"with organizational changes administrators find themselves balancing an internal and an external focus simultaneously. Whereas some administrators rise above the challenges and continue to provide positive leadership, others may become overwhelmed by chaos and pressure and turn negative. Still others may attempt to survive by accommodating and adjusting to the environment, exhibiting the traits of transactional leader†.   A transformational leader thus, tends to survive in an environment where there is high level of changes. This is attained by their ability to adopt the right traits to withstand the changes in the environment. Also a transformational leader, have the capability of motivating workers during period of changes resulting from alliances, merger, takeover or reformation in the management structure of the organization. During such period the workers are vulnerable or incapacitated in making a right decision. Some may truncated into making irrational decision from the fear of loosing their jobs or they can’t cope with the new structure in place. It then boils on the transformational leader to direct and motive these workers into adopting the right attitude in making the transformation in the organization become a success. In this view, Lajara et al (2002), argue that leadership capacity is perhaps the one of the most necessary elements in this process of alliance. The participation of senior managers must go beyond the formulation of a strategy based on alliance, they must personally be engaged and show their commitment and enthusiasm in the alliance. This means that a way in which a leader behaves in situation of transformation or changes in the environment will make low ranked employees see reason why to continue by seeing the relevance of such transformation in the organization. Thus a transformational leader stands to direct his followers in cultivating the right attitude and be motivated in a dynamic environment. REFRENCES Lajara, B. Marco, et al (2002), â€Å"The Role of Human Resource Management in the cooperative Strategy Process† in Human Resource planning. Vol. 25, No. 2 Mizrahi, T. & Berger, C.S. (2005), â€Å"A Longitudinal Look at Social Work leadership in Hospitals: The Impact of a Changing Health Care System† in Health and Social Work. Vol. 30, No. 2 Wertheim, Edward G. (2005), â€Å"Historical Background of Organizational Behavior† http://web.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/introd/histroy.htm

Benefits of Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Lay Public (FINAL draft) Benefits of Omega 3 Fatty Acids In the rush to cut calories, reduce cholesterol intake, and avoid saturated fats, many of us have embraced low-fat diets and low-fat foods. But some fats are necessary and â€Å"essential† for health. These fats show great promise for fighting the onslaught of heart disease and diabetes, possibly even cancer. What are these â€Å"good† fats—and how do we get enough of them? The benefits of Omega 3 fats have been researched for quite some time and now those benefits are becoming increasingly well-known.Omega-3 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids: They are necessary for human health but the body can’t make them — you have to get them through food. Essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that the human body needs for metabolic functioning but cannot produce, and therefore has to be acquired from food. What makes omega-3 fats special? They are an integral part of cell me mbranes throughout the body and affect the function of the cells in these membranes. They provide the starting point for making hormones that regulate blood clotting, contraction and relaxation of artery walls, and inflammation.Omega-3 fats are a key family of polyunsaturated fats. There are three main omega-3s, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found mainly in fish. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the most common omega-3 fatty acid in most Western diets, is found in vegetable oils and nuts. The Omega-3 fatty acids are essential to life at every stage, even before birth. They are found in the membrane of every cell in the body and help to ensure that the cell membrane is ideally equipped to do its job.They are also used in the regulation of all biological functions, including those of the cardiovascular, reproductive, and immune and nervous systems. Optimum health can only be achieved when sufficient Omega-3s are obtained from the diet. They hel p maintain good health, promote brain and vision development and protect against disease. In chronic illness, it has been shown that an increase in the Omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin can effect an improvement across a range of conditions, both physical and mental.Research is continually producing positive findings for these vital nutrients. Omega-3 fatty acids are nutrients that play a vital role in safeguarding the body against a number of health disorders and diseases and the Omega 3 benefits are many and wide reaching. Basically, they are a class of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids that must be supplied to the body through diet. Omega 3 fatty acids also help improve the inflammatory response of the body, which means relief from painful inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, without the side effects of drugs.In addition, they facilitate the production of hormone-like chemicals called prostaglandins, which play a vital role in regulating a number of bodily pr ocesses such as blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory as well as allergic response, and nerve transmission. Among the Omega 3 fats benefits is to safeguard the body against cardiovascular diseases. This comes from their ability to reduce the level of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, as well as reduce blood pressure.They also help raise the good cholesterol level (HDL), prevent thickening of the arterial walls, and inhibit platelet segregation (and hence prevent blood clots). Omega 3 fatty acids help stabilize blood insulin levels, and hence reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity. Omega 3 fatty acids boost brain activity and are, therefore, considered as brain food for enhancing intelligence, memory and concentration. They have also been found to be helpful in the treatment several mental disorders such as depression, psychosis, migraine, dyslexia, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and Alzheimer’s disease.By promoting healthy cell wa lls, Omega 3 fats provide protection against undesired mutations in the DNA that may trigger the growth of cancerous cells, reducing your risk to commonly occurring cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. They also boost the immune system, thus increasing your resistance to common colds and other such allergic reactions. Omegas 3s are very important for our overall health and well-being. What health consequences and implications can occur due to lack of Omega 3 fatty acids in our diet?A lack of Omega 3 fatty acids in the diet has been associated with mood swings, depression, memory loss and other neurological problems. A deficiency of Omega 3's is among the prime cause in much inflammation related diseases such as joint pain, arthritis and osteoarthritis. Given the wide-ranging importance and benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, it is important to eat fish or other seafood one to two times per week, particularly fatty (dark meat) fish that are richer in EPA and DHA . This is especially important for women who are pregnant or hoping to become pregnant and nursing mothers.From the third trimester until the second year of life, a developing child needs a steady supply of DHA to form the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Many women shy away from eating fish because of concerns that mercury and other possible contaminants might harm their babies, yet the evidence for harm from lack of omega-3 fats is far more consistent, and a balance of benefit versus risk is easily obtained.With so many Omega 3 benefits, it would only be prudent to include them in your daily diet. Some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are: fatty fish (e. g. tuna, salmon, herring, halibut, shrimps, and scallops), nuts and seeds (e. g. , walnuts, almonds, flaxseeds, hempseeds, mustard seeds, and pumpkin seeds), tofu, broccoli, dark green vegetables and Brussels sprouts. Or you may take supplements of omega-3 fatty acids, but preferably after consultation with your doc tor. As we can see there are a phenomenal number of omega 3 benefits on health which makes it absolutely vital to include these essential fatty acids in our daily diets. This can be carried out either through natural food sources, or through pure and potent omega 3 fatty acid supplements.

The role of two selected topics in Operation Managment Research Paper

The role of two selected topics in Operation Managment - Research Paper Example In order to promote the competitiveness of organizations, promote cost efficient and accurate methods unrestricted flow of information is necessary. Hence, the key role of supply chain in operations is to ensure that all processes are in place in order to get accurate results. In order to ensure that the supply chain is cost effective and efficient, companies use a process known as supply chain management. A series of steps are followed by firm in order to ensure that the company transforms its raw materials into finished products. These series of steps may comprise of five stages namely, planning, developing, creating, delivering and returning defective products. With the changing markets globally, many companies and firms are forced to review their operations policy. Companies have changed from centralized operations to decentralized operations to be close to their markets and take advantage of available resources (Gunasekaran & Ngai, 2005). a) Procurement – One of the major roles of supply chain in operations management is that of procurement. All companies need to order goods and services in order to conduct business. A good supply chain manager is one who ensures that best quality goods are obtained at the least price. In manufacturing, the key responsibility and role of a procurement specialist is to search for vendors to procure materials which match the budget constraint and quality requirement. Hence a key requirement of purchasing professionals is to develop relationships with their suppliers and even look out for partnership options wherever feasible. A firm having an efficient supply chain management process seeks to provide purchasers multiple benefits which also include increased and improved coordination with suppliers. If the coordination between purchasers and suppliers is better, then this leads to increased commitment and a long term relationship between the suppliers and purchasers; thereby leading to a cost effective option to the pu rchasing organization (Giunipero & Brand, 1996). Smaller organizations need to order stationaries and hence they need to maintain a regular list of vendors who provide them the best quality products at the lowest price. Hence, an efficient procurement specialist should be a good negotiator in order to get the best deals from the suppliers. b) Transportation – One of the major roles of supply chain in operations is to efficiently handle transportation. Transportation in an essential part of the production process right from manufacturing of the product till the time of delivery to the final consumer and returns. The key prerequisite for this process to be successful is to ensure excellent coordination between each component in order to attain optimum benefits (Tseng & Yue, 2005). This requires in first determining the best suited and cost effective method of transportation applicable to the organization. Managers responsible for this first try to assess the tradeoffs in terms of price and speed. Most companies may have two or more modes of transportation depending on the urgency of the requirement. Shipping goods and equipment through a truck may be cost effective than by a flight. However, the time taken to send the consignment may be more in comparison to the time taken to send the goods by flight. Also some transport services may be highly

Nuclear proliferation in North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nuclear proliferation in North Korea - Essay Example In assessing the constitutionality of North Korea’s nuclear schedule and possible US reactions, below are the several universally identified origins of international statute that may have application: International conventions, whether universal or specific, developing policies clearly distinguished through the disputing governments International custom, as proof of a universal exercise allowed as statute The collective conventions of statute identified through civilized countries Subject to the requirements of Article 59, court conclusions and the philosophies of the majority of the greatly eligible publicists of the different countries, as supplementary ways for establishment of policies of statute. International conventions An example of a convention that applies particularly to nuclear weapons is the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). North Korea became a party to the NPT in 1985 and departed during January 2003. NPT Articles 2, 3, and 10 have in total possibly had infringeme nt through North Korea. Article 2 requires: Each government, which is a member of the NPT, agrees not to collect any load from any of nuclear weapons or supplementary weapons. ... North Korean item for more enhancing uranium, a North Korean official accepted that North Korea â€Å"had remained following the establishment of nuclear weapons by the method of more uranium enhancement†. Despite North Korea finally attempting to deny this acceptance, the international society greatly overlooked these protective arguments and established the proof versus North Korea to be enough (Beres, 1994). To carry out deeds of nuclear terrorism, insurgent or revolutionary teams could need view to nuclear weapons, nuclear supremacy plants, or nuclear dissipate storeroom items. More proof of North Korea’s infringement of the NPT’s veto on producing nuclear weapons emerged in 2006 when, â€Å"North Korea carried out a secretive nuclear blast in the neighborhood of P’unggye†. This assessment heavily proposes that North Korea infringed the NPT’s veto on producing nuclear weapons whereas yet a member to the agreement since the assessment blas t illustrated that an enhancement schedule should have had progress for a long duration. North Korea has in addition possibly infringed Article 3 contained in the NPT. The Law of the IEAE â€Å"provides technological and monetary aid in the establishment of nuclear capacities for non-stipulated aims to Party Governments†. Moreover, the IAEA carries out examinations of Party Governments nuclear items to make sure that such items have no application for armed forces functions. No matter a government not remaining a member to the IEAE Law, the NPT orders that every member complete a protections treaty with the â€Å"IAEA†. In agreement with its duties found in Article 3, North Korea joined into the Protections Treaty with the IAEA on January 1992. Following the Protections Treaty, if North Korea always prevented examiners access

Personal and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Professional engineering qualifications at various levels are discussed below: Vocational A-Levels and Scottish Highers; SQA Higher National Certificate: These are courses for 1 or 2 years full time. These courses can be regarded as foundation qualifications for the engineering technicians and can be utilised to get admission in undergraduate studies. BTEC/Edexcel/SQA Higher National Diploma (HND): These are generally 2 years course, full time. The HND is well respected qualification and can help the student to upgrade as an Incorporated Engineer (IEng). By obtaining better marks, one can also get transferred into the 2nd or 3rd year of an undergraduate degree programme. Degree Courses: These courses include BEng (Hons) (Bachelor of Engineering) or MEng (Master of Engineering). A BEng (Hons) would generally take 3 to 4 years full time to complete. An accredited professional Bachelor’s degree would fulfil the educational requirements for registration at the level of Incorporate d Engineer (IEng). This sort of degrees as per the specifications of the Engineering Council must last at least 3 years full time. The MEng can be regarded as an integrated form of Master’s degree. It is a higher qualification than BEng (Hons). It takes 4 to 5 years full time to complete. An accredited professional MEng would fulfil the academic requirements for the Chartered Engineer (CEng) qualification. This level of engineering qualification is the best in the educational world of UK and is highly respected all across the industries. An accredited professional BEng (Hons) degree together with a suitable Master’s degree or appropriate extended learning to the Master’s level would also meet the educational requirements.... This paper stresses that the professional titles which are awarded by the Engineering Council are well protected by the law. Registration in Engineering Council by different engineers and technicians is voluntary. This report makes a conclusion that engineering is a challenging profession in the modern work environment. Globalisation requires the engineers to be competent and skilled at the global standards. United Kingdom needs a powerful army of engineers and technicians to combat recession and obtain economic growth. Therefore, the routes to personal professional accreditation in engineering are not easy. The authortThe candidates have to be sufficiently skilled, competent and up to the minute to become a professionally qualified engineer as per the UK standards. No doubt that pursuing a degree course like BEng or MEng is the best way to obtain in depth knowledge in the field and become a professionally qualified engineer. BEng and MEng programmes in civil and structural engineering provided by the UK universities cater to the global standards in this context. Else, if a student cannot pursue a university program for some reason, he can appear in the examinations conducted by the Engineerin g Council and progress through the Level 5, Level 6 and Level 7 qualifications in a step by step manner. An engineer must possess numerical ability, analytical skill, creativity, and most importantly, engineering aptitude to obtain the different engineering qualifications discussed so far and excel in the engineering field. An engineering qualification can serve as both a basic qualification and a specialised qualification, and thus it can open up several prospects.

Specific Learning Difficulties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Specific Learning Difficulties - Essay Example Specific learning difficulty means that there are particular learning difficulties, which affect certain cognitive skills such as memory, sequencing or perception, rather than a general learning difficulty that affects most aspects of learning. Specific Learning Difficulties may include Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, and ADHD etc. Current perspectives are geared towards fostering primary school teachers' confidence. It is essential that all primary school teachers are effective in their ability to manage a diverse range of abilities and needs within the primary classroom. Success in this area is particularly prosperous in schools where staff works together in unison, adopting a team approach. It is vital to have a designated person within a school, which teachers are able to approach for support and advice when they encounter diversity in the classroom for which they feel they are not adequately prepared. Although there is a range of in-service training available, which fosters professional development, primary school teachers only usually receive training in the area they have curriculum responsibility for. Therefore the majority of teacher's may be inadequately prepared for the vast range of learning diversity encountered within the primary classroom. To assess the suitability of current perspective... Therefore the majority of teacher's may be inadequately prepared for the vast range of learning diversity encountered within the primary classroom. To assess the suitability of current perspectives, it is important to define the term 'Special Educational Needs'. This is a very difficult area to define. Warnock (1982) states that 'the concept of 'special need' carries a fake objectivity. For one of the main, indeed almost overwhelming, difficulties is to decide whose needs are special, and what 'special' means'. Firstly it is important to note that when Warnock introduced the term 'special educational needs', it was envisaged that this was something that the child may have at certain times, and in some areas more than others. It was never meant to be a way of attaching a label to a child, more a recognition that a child may need additional support in some areas. Nerveless, although it was introduced with good intentions, the tendency can often be to label children rather than needs. Special needs terminology is in debate because of reasons such as this. Solity (1991) has argued that the term 'special educational needs', 'actively encourages discriminatory practices', of which separate seating arrangements, being withdrawn from lessons in the mainstream classroom and being given token work are just some common practices. Recently we have encountered current debates, which argue for and against integration. There is a push towards all children being educated in mainstream schools. However whether this is good or bad depends on a variety of factors, for example, resources available, school ethos and staff training. It is important to also recognise that

The Great Gatsby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

The Great Gatsby - Essay Example The novel provides an exploration of Gatsby’s journey in achieving wealth, success and love with passionate optimism while ironically submitting into moral corruption and questionable lifestyle in the process. This paper aims to analyze how the conflict between Gatsby’s representation of an average American’s hopes, dreams and aspirations with his personal, professional and social life conditions affect his capacity to accomplish his ambitions. Wealthy New Yorker James Gatsby is the central character of the novel. Born as James Gatz, he longed to escape from the impoverished life that he was born into from rural South Dakota and possess wealth and sophistication. While studying in college, he worked as a janitor to support his finances but abruptly quitted because of the difficulty of the job. The one thing that inspired and deeply motivated Gatsby to achieve his goals is his love for Daisy Buchanan, a young girl born from luxury and grace that he met before leaving for the World War I as an enlisted officer in 1917. He firmly believed that he can convince her that he was good for her if he has already established his fortune and become a notable name in society. Daisy promised to wait for him though she married football player Tom Buchanan just after two years and settled in the old rich community of East Egg in New York. Heartbroken, Gatsby finished his studies in Oxford and concentrated on getting Daisy back by particip ating in organized crimes such as stealing bond securities and distributing illegal alcohol. His changing of his name symbolizes his reinvention as he improved his social and economic status. After acquiring millions of dollars, Gatsby bought a mansion in West Egg and threw weekly lavish parties in order to lure Daisy in joining such. Expectedly, Gatsby and Daisy’s paths crossed in the wealthy society of New York. Facing the moment that he prepared for several years, Gatsby showed his wealth and

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 8

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example Organizations thus needed to change the way they are operated so as to keep pace with the changing trends. As a result, organizations do not follow strict procedures and bureaucratic structures which cannot respond quickly to the environmental changes. Watson engine components and H & M consulting are two organizations with different modes of operation and management. Watson is a family owned organization dealing with one line of business of producing and selling car engine components whereas H & M is a multinational organization formed through mergers and acquisitions dealing with various lines of business such as; consultancy, providing services to public and private sector in issues dealing with environment, education, water, energy among others. Watson is a traditional organization which has not yet embraced the changes brought about by globalization hence is finding it difficult to attract and retain employees as well as customers and it is at the verge of collapse unless drasti c measures are taken. H & M on the other hand, is a global organization which is experiencing a lot of success due to its mode of operation and management. Its customer oriented and values its employees making it a leader in the market. This paper will analyse the differences between the two organizations in terms of how they are operated and managed. Organization Structure and Design The organization structure refers to the framework of the organization and design refers to changes made to the organization structure (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). The structure determines how authority and responsibility are shared, the channels of communication, the span of control and how the activities are assigned within the organization. The structure is determined by various factors such as; size, leadership, type of activities, technology and the environment. The size of the organization matters when designing organization structure. Small organizations have an organic design. There are no comple x rules and procedures to be followed and hierarchical structures as there are few employees. Large organizations are more bureaucratic and follow complex procedures (Hill & Jones, 2008). However, due to advancement in technology and emergence of team work, large organizations like H & M no longer need to be bureaucratic. Such organizations maintain strong employee involvement and use information technology to control the project teams. Watson though medium sized is highly bureaucratic with no staff involvement. According to Gold et al (2010), the leadership style determines the type of structure. Autocratic leaders are associated with bureaucratic organizations. They do not communicate directly with staff and workers have to follow strict procedures. Gordon Watson, the director of Watson engine components makes all the decisions which are put into action by the operations director. He does not embrace changes hence the organization structure remains bureaucratic and unable to deal with changes. Theo Wolf of H & M is democratic and has empowered the employees to conduct their project teams without interference. The structure of the organization is organic and flexible enough to deal with any changes. CliffsNotes (2011) argues that the level of technology and environment determine the organization

Commentery Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commentery - Thesis Example The king was then considered to be the guardian of the country and the rise of the parliament was obstructed for a very long time as a result of this theory of the Divine-Right of the king. The powers of the king and the institution of monarchy in England and other parts of Europe have been extremely pronounced and have maintained a strong hold on the public imagination. The king often worked in conjunction with religious authorities of the day so as to maintain monarchical control over the kingdom and over the minds of the people. Through the ages, the institution of monarchy sought to perpetuate itself through discourses that brought in several ideas such as the divine and the social. There have been occasions on which this dissent has translated itself into great violence. One of the greatest instances of this is the execution of the king in England in the seventeenth century by the Puritan regime. The French revolution can be considered to be the culmination of the bourgeoisie so ciety’s resistance against monarchy (New Tensions in the Western Political Tradition: Absolutism and Parliament 23-4). The French revolution then can be considered to be one of the most important moments in the history of Europe where the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity were considered. These then influenced to a great extent the rise of democracy and the state as an institution of the modern society. The Divine Right theories that were talked of during the medieval ages were then looked upon as something that prevented the transfer of power into the hands of the common people. As explained earlier, the French Revolution led to the displacement of the ideals of monarchy. The importance of this lies in the fact that the overthrow of monarchy was accompanied by a great many changes in the social structures of that period. The complicity of the church in the control that was exercised

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Essay

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Essay Example ionality, the reasons why the IMF indulges itself into helping poor and debt troubled countries, the ethical issues involves, and the effects of IMF loans on a country’s economy. The IMF seeks to help poor and debt troubled countries so to stabilize the countries’ recovery from balance of payment deficits, and to stabilize exchange rates. The IMF also performs evaluation and compilation of its member countries’ economies, and in the case of financial crisis, the IMF intervenes by providing loans on conditions for restructuring economies to avoid future crisis. The IMF lends itself to developing countries so to ensure the â€Å"revolving character† of the Fund whereby, the funds given to a certain country can be made available to another country in need. The policies’ structure and corrective measures are designed in such a manner that ensures the funds will be repaid, and availed to other members of the Fund in future. According to the IMF, conditionality refers to the policies that a member country should follow in order to gain access to the Fund. That is the conditions that the members are supposed to abide by, so to access the financial resources of the International Monetary Fund. Some of the conditions that the IMF implements is that a country must change its financial policies to get support; the bigger the country, the bigger the financial need, therefore, the more stringent the policy formulations. In a loan approved for Niger in 2005, the fund asked for an â€Å"extension in VAT on processed foods including; sugar, milk, wheat, flour†, a reduction in tax exemption on necessities such as water and electricity, and an increase in excise tax on sodas and other soft drinks. The IMF closely monitors how these funds are used in a bid to ensure that the funds are used as agreed, and not for any other purpose. 1. The member country is the national owner of its political and other resources; therefore should partake in the formulation of policies for the

Audiences are not only entertained Essay Example for Free

Audiences are not only entertained Essay For centuries, drama has acted as a mirror for culture and society. Through the power of dramatic form, we have been invited to be entertained yet also engaged in the social concerns, which can both be provocative and surprising. Both Stolen by Jane Harrison and A Beautiful Life by Michael Futcher and Helen Howard address contemporary social concerns and issues in Australian society. Stolen employs dramatic styles, techniques and conventions to portray the social issues caused by the stolen generation. On the other hand, A Beautiful Life again employs dramatic styles, techniques and conventions to portray the unforgettable story of a refugee family who escaped the hardships of Tehran Jail, only to find themselves suffering racism and injustice in the High Court of Australia. Stolen addresses the Stolen Generation and the social concerns surrounding the impact of individuals and the Indigenous community. Harrison splits up the action between five diverse characters, tracing their independent stories from childhood to adulthood. We have the sexually and physically abused (Ruby); the hopeful turned hopeless (Jimmy); the stolen child who in turn has her children stolen from her (Shirley), the lost (Sandy) and the black girl in a white mans world (Anne). In a workshop of the opening scene, Arriving (pg. 1) in which the characters speak in the stream of conscious style the difference in what each actor produced to portray their particular character was very noticeable. Harrisons use of a wide breadth of characters is effective in reflecting the broad spectrum of social concerns the Stolen Generation faced: physical, sexual and mental abuse, I promised not to tell (Ruby: pg. 8); high suicide and depression rates, I cant fight (Jimmy: pg. 34); cultural loss, Who do you think you are? (Voices: 29); loss of belonging, Always on the run (Sandy: pg. 3) and loss of family, This time Im going to hold my baby and never let go (Shirley: 2). Stolen uses absurdist techniques, including a non-linear and episodic plot  structure and undefined place and time to convey the disconnection and lost culture that has resulted within the Indigenous community as a result of the Stolen Generation. The dialogue closely follows the conventions of spoken language creating a sense of realism to the audience, to emphasis the fact that these events did happen and cannot be reversed. One of the most typical techniques with Stolen is the use of monologues. The experiences of each child are portrayed through these monologues the delivery indicates how these experiences are traumatic and a fundamental part of their psyche that is not easily spoken about through normal conversation. Through a class workshop I was able to watch a class mate act Jimmys monologue Racist Insults'(pg. 33-34). I found this scene particularly engaging because we are not only watching a young man end his life, but we watch a fraction of how our White Australians treated the Indigenous. The audience gets a first hand view of the racism and abuse copped by most Indigenous Australians, this scene shines a direct light on the hardships we put forward onto our Indigenous and why a whole culture is missing from our nation. While Stolen deals with how we treat our Indigenous, A Beautiful Life cover the social issues surrounding refugees and the ignorance of Australian people regarding human rights. This play covers the period when 5000 Mojahedin freedom fighters were killed by Irans government regime. The play interweaves the experiences of Hamid: his torture in jail in Tehran and witnessing human rights abuses before making a dramatic escape to Australia; and his arrest and trial following a protest outside of the Iranian Embassy in Canberra in 1992. Hamid, his wife Jhila and their son Amir who represent refugee culture are represented in the court by Australian lawyers Brendon OSullivan and Stephanie James. Both present the Australian culture as being ignorant bloody Arabs (pg. 21), racist a bunch of Muslim fanatics (pg. 7) and stereotypical ranting bloody slogans to Allah (pg. 7). Futcher and Howard emphasis the un-empathetic nature, stereotypical and racist culture of Australians through Stephanie and Brendan. Amir (Hamids son) makes the perfect narrator as he grows and develops through the play from a young Iranian boy into a 20 year old Iranian/Australian who can believable comment on both countries. The character of Amir has humour Shes Irish, she can get really angry (pg. 41), compassion, Its all  right, Mum (pg.11) and a desire to tell the story of his Iranian/Australian family, What about the Boltons, Dad? (pg. 13). Brechtian techniques such as the used of a non-linear and episodic storyline, as well as historification and the breaking of the forth wall (through Amir) give insight into contrasting cultures and systems of justice. The use of performance styles, such as physical theatre, engage the audience so that the play has heighten reality: allowing the audience to follow Hamid, through the racism, prejudice and his lack of human rights. The use of dramatic dialogue allows the characters in A Beautiful Life, persuade, argue, threaten, provoke and inspire the audience. Language techniques include the use of the Farsi accent or clipped tone to lend authenticity to the Iranian feel of the text and of course to show the reactions of Australians represented by Brendan and Stephanie when the characters speak their mother tongue. I first encountered the use of the accent when acting the character of Jhila in _SCENE FIVE,_ I feel as an actor that use of accent does add authenticity and a sense of realism throughout the scenes making it easier for the audience to connect with the character rather than the actor. Through the power of dramatic form, we have been invited to be entertained yet also engage in the social concerns explored throughout Stolen and A Beautiful Life. Through the performance of scenes in workshop activities and in-depth study of both texts, I have come to understand the styles, form and conventions Harrison, Futcher and Howard use to convey their points of view. Whilst Stolen uses absurdism to portray the social issues caused by the stolen generation, A Beautiful Life uses Brechtian techniques to portray the unforgettable story of a refugee family who escaped the hardships of the pain and suffering caused by the Stolen Generation on both the personal and societal side Tehran Jail, only to find themselves suffering racism and injustice in the High Court of Australia. On a final note both composers worked well using dramatic forms, techniques and conventions to engage the audience to understand the social concerns explored in the plays.

Religion Essays Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus

Religion Essays Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus Dharma: Daily impact on the lifes of Hindus Introduction To Hinduism Assessment Question: Explain The Meaning And Significance Of Dharma, And Discuss How It Impacts On The Daily Life Of Hindus According to the Narayanan, the Sanskrit word Dharma, comes from the true implication of the phrase â€Å"to sustain,† and it is known to mean â€Å"truth, righteousness, duty, law and justice,† It is known that the first language that was in use in India was Sanskrit. It is known that Dharma is the trail of morality and living a life agreeing to the codes of conduct as portrayed by the Vedas and Upanishads. On the other hand the phrase is illustrated as â€Å"literally untranslatable† by many sources due to its variety of explanations in its initial form. Hindus portray Dharma as the existing, primary energy, which passes through all of reality. Dharma is set off upon this ever-existing, endless concept, and all meanings of Dharma are taken away from this concept. Arthur Avalon (1, 1918) gives a complete explanation of dharma in his work.  ´Ã‚ ´The overall Hindu Religion and Bharata philosophy says that the universe is prearranged. This cannot be a clutter of errata set jointly inadequately, where a relationship does not exist.. If there was very little Dharma, then this would lead to the world decomposed into pandemonium. But this is mainly said to be impossible, for even if chaos (Adharma), does take place, it be able to only pass through momentarily, for quite a long time, and in a number of sections of the whole. Dharma, nevertheless, from the initial Hindu’s philosophy, mustultimately assert itself. ¨ It is known that Dharma is more dependant upon the manners of ahuman being, in relation to their beliefs, which makes difficult the procedure of transmitting an obvious translation in to English. There are a lot of dissimilar articles and authors that find it hard to be in agreement on an explanation of dharma, in dictionary terms, due to its numerous connotations they have in their original perspective. It is not easy to get a reliable hint as to what dharma can be explained as when using a lot of sources. Generally explained as ‘law’, and factually as ‘that which upholds or supports’, this is from the source ‘Dhr’ which is known as to hold, which is almost certainly the source of the â€Å"to sustain† part of Narayanan’s definition comes from. It should also be considered in to account that dharma itself has many functions, including differences that have significance to different faiths. Here we observe at it in the Hindu perspective in particular. Previously outsiders such as the Persians, Greeks and English established the words â€Å"Hindu† and â€Å"Hinduism†, the belief was said to be named as vaidika dharma, that is, the Vedic dharma to the people that pursue. The single word that is known to mean more than dharma is â€Å"religion,† in the western world.  ´Ã‚ ´The prehistoric term dharma which in general is converted into English as belief has a more philosophical importance in Sanskrit language. Dharma is the essential issue; that will comprehend pour soi, the truth of everything before it had actually existed. Dharma is the godly thing that is working in our being. When any sin is carried out it is said to be dharma that is wronged, suggesting that deceitfulness has for the time being, conquered our inner being. ´Ã‚ ´. It could be said that there are noticeably inconsistencies, or at least, distinction in judgment of the meaning of dharma. So this means that it becomes hard to in a few words recap what the meaning of dharma is. One way to help portray the meaning of dharma is to may be observe the method that which the word is practised by Hindus – this may permit us to link the meaning of the word, which will clear up any doubts to its meaning. As the speculative implications of Dharma comprise something which is superior than sum of its sections, Hindus found a way to extrapolate Dharma, therefore they possibly will secure its whole supremacy. For instance, in a choice they may perhaps have to make, they would believe that the thought of what is dharmic, to assist them to settle on a specific path. Dharma’s wider meaning features the origin of present development. Dharma is known to be the everlasting directing force which has directed the original human passage on Earth. Hindus think that Dharma is the ultimate method for making the quality of life better, as cheerfulness relies on the inner growth of peace and happiness, as to go up against money-orientated luxuries. The development of dharma is known to be the target of God, and the education of dharma is said to be God’s purpose. All problems that arise in daily life come from unawareness, it is disputed, and to get rid of unawareness, is to exercise dhar ma, where dharma would be the ethical commandment Hindu’s follow. Hindu’s would split dharma into four groups; universal, human, social and personal. Dharma was known to be the heavenly commandment put in place by god when the universe was made, it endorses command. Dharma holds a lot of importance; the real quantity would be independently taken in to account as how it plays a role in life is hands of the believer. In terms of how it links to the religion’s remainder, it would level highly as a notion to be used universally all the way through life. Heuze describes the socio-economic suggestions of the dharmic idea:  ¨Dharma creates of this life a journey, in link with a significant theory, which is portrayed by a series of incarnations, the development of which is irritated by the strict law of dharma, and the social and political order demonstrated by the socio-economic chain of command of elitism and caste. ¨ Hindu’s acknowledge the theory of reinc arnation, which consists of the circle of life, which in turn contains birth, life, death and then re-birth. The primary belief, in basic terms, is behaviour of the current life, will settle on the life in the next. This only occurs if the Hindu believer fulfils and lives life in harmony with the Hindu teachings, they will develop by being re-incarnated into an improved form. This procedure of the dependence of the life after is known as Karma, which basically links in with the deeds carried out by the body and the mind. The process to attain good karma is to fulfil life in harmony to dharma, and its conditions. This includes undertaking the things that are morally correct on a personal basis, the family, and the class/caste and this could be done for the whole universe, which is where the four groups mentioned before come into play. As we can observe Hindus centre on dharma as a way of accomplishing overall goals. This trail of morality was portrayed in the holy books in Hinduism, known as the Upanishads and Vedas. We can now acquire a fairly good thought of what dharma actually is concerned with. It is known that Dharma is a notion which holds a large element of the believers’ lives. It is an ethical instruction which includes large parts of life, and as a result is relied upon a lot when carrying out everyday errands. It is a widespread idea that humans are accountable for the world, which associates with dharma, as dharma endorses a responsibility on Hindus to take care of the world on a personal level; this is in accord with the idea of the world being an addition of one self. The importance broadens to also some sources stating that human society is up held in particular due to dharma. It consequently justifies just how much importance is placed on the word. Noting the importance and power linked with the term Dharma, it is a test knowing where to begin when looking at how it affects the daily life of Hindu believers. Hinduism is a religion that centres on behaviour more than belief; on the other hand there is a lot of assortment when the issue rises of the guidelines and beliefs Hindus stick to live a good life according to them, which is known as dharma. An important concept that Hindis believe is that the behaviour, of which a Hindu can fulfil, weather worldly, or wholly religious have religious propositions and costs and all deeds should have praxis in mentality, which means the right behaviour. To appreciate what makes up dharmic behaviour, one must comprehend the Hinduism essentials. These are very close up associates between the godly and the physical. According to this, it known that family life, social order and the natural world are together all linked with godly order, and consequently the religious is immanent. As a result we can see how the importance of Dharma can be in opposition to itself to other views of life, if not all other. There are certain beliefs that the more modern and western world won’t link with religion, for instance it could be objects, your home, Hinduism would state how you do something around them would have got to be Dharmic by dong it with ‘praxis’ at thought. This can be rather mystifying to figure out, but the important matter to be conscious of is that Dharma acts as a daily part in our everyday lives by commanding itself on things that are meant to be religious as well as those material. To completely be grateful for the importance of dharma, one should appreciate the importance the term has, it has many words linked with it, such as karma and svabhava for instance, where svabhava is known as understanding. This is an illustration of the way dharma associates with another notion in Hinduism, and there is several more, varying from law, responsibilities, to relations within holy books. Dharma’s known to be more or less like a covering term to portray so many main important ideas within Hinduism. Hinduism, similar to a number of other religions, targets to not only direct society on an extensive level, but to also outline the life of a believer. As well as building up society through caste’s, it also builds up a person’s daily routine. The name given to this building up is known as ‘varnasramadharma’. The main aim is to imagine the upcoming day as he rises, with a plan to add to dharma and artha (wealth). It is in that case comprehensible that some younger Hindu’s might uncover this as a test. One may consider the four main goals of Hindu life in turn to completely reply to these questions, of which artha is an element to. Hindus completely agree upon the quest of Artha, or worldly gain, as the main, working section of dharma. Hogan describes Artha as the main, vital part of dharma:  ¨Periodically, I am intently analysing kama and artha, physical love and and socio-political power. These work strongly with fundamentals of Hindu metaphysical beliefs and with multiple religious and aesthetic philosophies . To ensure that we maintain simplicity, we have left out two other spiritual goals noted by the Sanskrit philosophers: dharmamoral duty, and moksa—the transcendence of the spirit. ´Ã‚ ´It can now be concluded that Dharma fundamentally makes up Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha contained by the Universe, and it stands for all of the paths of life for a typical Hindu believer. If you observe more closely into this philosophical diamond, it could be said that both time and space are a part of Dharma. Dharma also makes up all of dimension; therefore it is the designer and the creation is all of which we live through. Humankind builds up an important element of Dharma, we who know about Dharma, know about it for the reason of Dharma ´s will, so, we are fundamentally taking trail of the will of Dharma at every instant. Such a strong philosophical and metaphysical theory makes up the foundation for Hindu belief, yet Dharma enlarges more into Hindu religious practice. After doing this, we should take in to account Dharma ´s association to Kama, or sensual pleasure. Dharma ´s part as a primary being which motivates all action surely has a link to this crucial component of a Hindu ´s life. According to the traditional story, the Kama Sutra, we be taught more importantly, that it represents a lead to living. It is not simply a guide of sexual positions. The Kama Sutra is there to offer Hindu believers a way to achieving Kama:  ¨This is the cause for kama playing a part as an important role of dharma to the people who spoke Sanskrit: A person, the era of whose life is figured between 60 and 120 years ago, have to to carry out Dharma, Artha and Kama at a range of times, and due to such a purposeful manner that they may function together and not become hectic in any way. He must acquire teaching in his early days, he must think about the wants of Kama and Artha , and in his elderly times he have got to be in presence to Dharma, and through this he may try to find and get hold of Moksha, i.e. independence from more reincarnation. Or because of t he complexity of life, he may set out to to them at times when they have to be trained for a number of explanations. But a significant matter is to be considered, a person must show the way of life of a chaste student awaiting the time that he has finished his schooling. ´Ã‚ ´So far we have considered the main Hindu text and discovered that Dharma holds a natural link to the four major goals. As a result, Dharma stages an essential part in the quest and success of these goals, yet for the believer, Dharma does not finish with the success of such goals. Nevertheless, we must still look at the final goal of Moksha and its link to Dharma before we may conclude our study. Moksha makes up the gradual freedom of the soul from the torment of reincarnation. Hindus endeavour into obscure terrain when relating to Moksha, nevertheless moksha holds a very powerful link to Dharma. It could be said that the right pursuit of dharma shall lead to moksha. The goal of the Dharmic man is to attain moksha. For moksha is that condition in which one has united with dharma, consequently, moksha is that success of the ideal state. Moksha characterises that poetic attitude towards Dharma, and is portrayed as: â€Å"These equal symbols represent the four different stages of Moksha, or Release from further bodily Transmigration and Reincarnation. The primary is Sayujyata, or incorporation into the existence of the Deity; the secondary is Samipyata, proximity to the Deity, the emergence of the spirit into the Divine Presence; the tertiary is Sarupata, or approximation to the Deity in physiology and material anatomy; the quarternary and finally is Salokata, or permanent resi dence in the heavens.† Dharma to Hindus is seen as a universal philosophical being whose supremacy enlarges into obligatory responsibility. While the theoretical significance of Dharma makes up an element which is better than the some of its roles, Hindus exposed an approach to extrapolate Dharma so that they may bind its strength. The primary study of Dharma lets the scholar to further study the dharmic suggestions. The suggestions of the Dharma enlarges into the socio-economic, political, and, certainly, religious views of life.  ´Ã‚ ´Monarchy stays put, even philosophically, trapped between religion and secularity, sacredness and mortaity, justified rule and accidental puissance, dharma and adharma. ´Ã‚ ´ such a universal theory classifies the cyclical, nonetheless combined nature of the Hindu religion. Surely, Dharma does grasp theoretical on top of useful significance, and the objective of every believer, in life is to bring together and achieve these objectives.

Definition Of Fact Finding Techniques Information Technology Essay

Definition Of Fact Finding Techniques Information Technology Essay Introduction Requirement analysis can be said to identify investigation, documenting and analysing requirements of the system. The first investigation step of the need of a system is a major activity of problem analysis. This is the role of a system analyst to determine the actual requirement of a system. Sometimes, system analyst may make mistake in discovering the requirements and in trying to analyse a problem. As a result, they may come up with the wrong solution in designing and implementation of a solution. And the solution will not be able to solve the real problem and even cause a new problem in later system analysis process. Therefore, this paper looks at one of the effective methods (fact-finding) for system analyst to help them in gathering information. Definition of Fact-finding Techniques Fact finding is process of collection of data and information based on techniques which contain sampling of existing documents, research, observation, questionnaires, interviews, prototyping and joint requirements planning. System analyst uses suitable fact-finding techniques to develop and implement the current existing system. Collecting required facts are very important to apply tools in System Development Life Cycle because tools cannot be used efficiently and effectively without proper extracting from facts. Fact-finding techniques are used in the early stage of System Development Life Cycle including system analysis phase, design and post implementation review. Facts included in any information system can be tested based on three steps: data- facts used to create useful information, process- functions to perform the objectives and interface- designs to interact with users. Fact-finding techniques There are seven common fact-finding techniques Sampling of existing documentation, forms and databases Research and Site visits Observation of the work environment Questionnaires Interviews Prototyping Joint requirements planning Sampling of existing documentation, forms and databases The best way to analyse the existing system is to collect facts from existing documentation rather than from human sources. There are various kinds of documents to collect facts from existing documents. These include: e-mails, customer complaints, suggestion box notes and reports that document the problem area problem performance reviews, samples of completed manual forms and reports and samples of completed computerized forms and reports various types of flowcharts and diagrams, program documentation and user training manuals System analyst uses sampling techniques in order to organize the above documentation. Sampling technique is the process of combing a representative sample of documents, form and records (Bentley, Whitten, 2007). According to these authors there are two commonly used sampling techniques namely randomization and stratification. Randomization is the process of selecting sample data randomly. Stratification is the systematic process to deduct the variance of sampling data. We can have better understanding of the system due to the analysis of existing documents, forms, files related to the current system. Research and Site visits Research and site visits, second technique, is the process of examining the problems which had previously solved by other sources that can be either human or documents. To solve the requirements of problem, the analyst visits to other organization that had previously experienced for similar problems. In addition, the analyst can also find the information from database, reference books, case studies and Internet. Advantages of Research and Site visits It can save the time if the problem is already solved. Researcher can know how different person previously solved the same problems. Researchers always know the details information about the current development system. Disadvantages of Research and Site visits Need authority to access the appropriate source of information. As documentation of problem is not recorded, there is difficult to solve the problem. Observation of the work environment Another fact finding technique is observation. In this technique, system analyst participates in the organization, studies the flow of documents, applies the existing system, and interacts with the users. Observation can be a useful technique when the system analyst have user point of view. Sampling technique called work sampling is useful for observation. By using this technique, system analyst can know how employees spend their days. Questionnaires Questionnaires are also one of useful fact-finding technique to collect information from large number of users. Users fill up the questions which are given by the system analyst and then give the answers back to the system analyst. Questionnaires can save time because system analyst does not need to interview each of users and if the time of interview is short, questionnaires are more useful. To fulfil the requirements of the system objective, system analyst should have the ability to clearly define the design and frame of questionnaires. There are two types of questionnaires: Free-format questionnaires In free-format questionnaires, users are allowed to answer questions freely without immediate response. The results are also useful in learning about feelings, opinions, and experiences of the respondents. Fixed-format questionnaires The purpose of fixed-format questionnaires is to gather information from predefined format of questions. Users are allowed to choose the result from the given answers. There are three types of fixed-format questions: multiple-choice questions (Yes or No type), rating questions (Strongly agree, Agree, No opinion, Disagree, Strongly disagree), ranking questions (numbering according to the preferences). Advantages of Questionnaires People can fill the forms and give answers freely to the analyst. This technique is inexpensive. Users are more willing to response real answer as they do not need to give their personal information. Responses can be calculated and analysed quickly. Disadvantages of Questionnaires Incomplete answers will be received from users. Analyst cannot observe the body language of user responses. Analyst has no chance to define vague or incomplete responses. Good questionnaires are difficult to prepare. Interviews Interview is the most commonly used technique to collect information from the face-to-face interviews. The purpose of interview is to find, verify, clarify facts, motivate end-users involved, identify requirements and gather ideas and opinions. The role of interview includes interviewer who is system analyst and interviewee who are system owner or user. Interviewing technique needs good communication skills for interaction between system analyst and user. There are two types of interviews. Unstructured interviews An interview that is conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind and with few, if any, specific questions (Bentley, Whitten, 2007). Open-ended questions type is used in unstructured interview that allows user to answer freely in an appropriate way. Structured interviews Structured interview is an interview which contains predefined set of questions. In structured interview, close-ended questions type is used to limit answers to specify choices, short and direct responses from the interviewees. Advantages of Interviews By motivating interviewees, they have confident to answer the questions more effectively. System analyst can examine the more feedbacks from the interviewees. System analyst can prepare questions for interviewees to be more suitable or change the questions for every individual. System analyst can know the nonverbal communications of interviewees by perceiving the body movements and facial expression. Disadvantages of Interviews Interviewing is time consuming and costly mechanism in fact-finding technique. Moreover, the communication skills of the system analyst affect the success of interview. Prototyping Another fact-finding technique is known as prototyping which collects the requirement facts of the system. Prototyping is sampling a small working model and it is more related to pre-design of the information system. The implementation of prototyping can be developed in earlier stage of system development life cycle when analyzing the facts. The process of prototyping facts in order to specify the userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements is also known as discovery prototyping. Advantages of Prototyping Users and developers are able to test and understand the system in advance before final implementation. It also can make and determine development of the system before applying high development costs in the information system. In addition, it is a kind of training mechanism. Prototyping require less time on fact-finding and it is useful in defining the constant and consistent requirements. Disadvantages of Prototyping Training of developers is a requirement in prototyping. Sometimes users can misunderstand the performance, reliability and features of prototype as real results. Therefore, users need to train to know that prototype only covers system functionality and it is not a complete system. Development cost and schedule may change in prototyping. Joint requirements planning JRP is the structured group work meeting to identify, analyze problems and define the requirements of system. JRP is becoming increasingly common in systems planning and systems analysis to obtain group consensus on problems, objectives and requirements (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). JRP can tabulate the facts efficiently in a short time and it can also replace in the place of numerous and separate interviews. JRP contains different participants with each specialized roles to perform structured meeting. JRP participants include sponsor, facilitator, users and managers, scribes and IT staff. Sponsor is an individual in top management, who has full authority to decide who will be participants, time and location of JRP session. The role of facilitator is to lead JRP session, motivate participants, solve conflicts and meet the requirements of meeting during the JRP session. Users in JRP session are responsible for rules and requirement of business, prototype, and satisfactory decisions. An d Managers are responsible for projects, schedules and costs and training requirements. Scribes job is to record everything discussed in the meeting. IT staff responsible for models and documentation concerning with facts during the discussion. Advantages of JRP JRP is formed different individuals with various roles and covers both in users and in management levels. JRP saves time to develop systems as it is not required one-on-one interviewing of each participant within the organization. When JRP incorporates prototyping as a means for confirming requirements and obtaining design approvals, the benefits of prototyping are realized (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). Disadvantages of JRP Extensive training is required for JRP as it is a group form. Active participation of all individuals will results the solution of JRP sessions. Using Questionnaires in Usage of Automated Teller Machine In our paper we applied Questionnaires technique for problems that are found in Usage of Automated Teller Machine. The following questionnaire is designed for usage of Bank Automatic Teller Machine. We planned two parts for our questionnaire: first part is collecting the demographic characteristics of users and second part is collecting the user feed backs according to our questions. Section A 1. Gender: Male Female 2. Age: 15-20 21-40 41-50 Above 3. Occupation: Student Civil Servant Business Others 4. Types of account: Savings Current Others Section B No. Questions for Usage of Automatic Teller Machine Yes No 1 Do you use Automatic Teller Machine for your banking Transaction? 2 Can you operate ATM with ease? 3 Did Automatic Teller Machine enable you perform transaction for 24 hours? 4 Can you access Automatic Teller Machine at any location? 5 Are you aware of settlement of utility bills through ATM? 6 Are you aware of making fund transfer through ATM? 7 Are you comfortable with ATM Usage for Banking Transaction? 8 Is Automatic Teller Machine transaction charges Affordable? 9 Is Automatic Teller Machine Network reliable? 10 Did your Automatic Teller Machine card ever get trap during Transaction? 11 Did ATM ever debit your account without issuing out physical cash? 12 Is your complaint attended to promptly? Conclusion In this paper we discussed about the seven fact-finding techniques based on studying our text book and some articles. During our assignment, we become to understand that if the system analyst knows details of fact-finding techniques, they can get knowledge of gathering the required information to develop the current system.

Walkabout :: essays research papers

Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all. Walkabout :: essays research papers Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all.

Comparing Piaget and Vygotsky :: Theories on Cognitive Development Process

Cognition is the process involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. In this essay on cognitive development I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the cognitive development process of the child active construction of knowledge. (Flanagan 1996 P.72). I will then evaluate the usefulness of these theories in understanding a child's development. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children's cognitive development took place in stages. (Jarvis, Chandler 2001 P.149). However they were distinguished by different styles of thinking. Piaget was the first t reveal that children reason and think differently at different periods in their lives. He believed that all children progress through four different and very distinct stages of cognitive development. This theory is known as Piaget’s Stage Theory because it deals with four stages of development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. (Ginsburg, Opper 1979 P. 26). In the first stage sensorimotor, which occurs from birth to the age of two is the time in an infant’s life when the child basically deals with what is presented to him. They learn about physical objects and are concerned with motor skills and the consequences of some of their actions. (Thomson, Meggit 1997 P.107). During this stage children will learn the concept of object permanence. This is where an object will continue to exist even if it is out of sight. (Ginsburg, Opper 1979 P.48) The preoperational stage last from two to seven years. In this stage it becomes possible to carry on a conversation with a child and they also learn to count and use the concept of numbers. This stage is divided into the preoperational phase and the intuitive phase. Children in the preoperational phase are preoccupied with verbal skills and try to make sense of the world but have a much less sophisticated mode of thought than adults. In the intuitive phase the child moves away from drawing conclusions based upon concrete experiences with objects. One problem, which identifies children in this stage, is the inability to cognitively conserve relevant spatial information. This is when, when a material is manipulated and no longer matches the cognitive image that a child has made, that child believes the amount of material has been altered instead of just its shape. (Jarvis, Chandler 2001 P.

“What Is Nazism and How Did Hitler Come to Power?”

Nazism stands for National Socialist German Worker’s Party. Adolf Hitler was the leader and expressed his ideas in his book â€Å"Mein Kampf† which, when translated into English, means ‘my struggle’. Nazism was a political party in Germany that began to gain power in the 1920’s. Nazi’s believed that Germans were the superior race also known as Aryans. Even though Hitler’s ideal race involved blonde hair and blue eyes, however, Aryans did not typically meet these criteria. Hitler had Nazi â€Å"Storm Troopers† fight in the streets against communists.The Nazi’s blamed the Weimar Republic for Germany’s problems. The Nazi’s made and followed through on promises made to the German people, such as putting Germans back to work. Nazis also believed in Anti-Semitism, they hated all Jewish people and when the Nazis gained enough political power the Jewish people suffered. Many synagogues and businesses were destroyed d uring Kristallnacht. The Jews were no longer considered German citizens; they lost their jobs, were forced to wear yellow stars on their clothing, and were not allowed to marry other German citizens.Hitler, like the Nazis came to power completely legally, yet shockingly after his actions of the past. After World War I, Hitler was a spy for the Weimar government. When he discovered that he agreed with the Nazis, he left and became a part of the Nazi political party in 1920. Hitler made an attempt to seize power in Munich, Germany in 1921. He was unsuccessful and thrown in prison. Rather than exiling him back to Austria, or away from Germany, Hitler gained his citizenship in 1932. Due to the Great Depression, Hitler and the Nazis popularity rose.There were nearly one million Nazi members during the Great Depression. Hitler made promises to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany. Even though they despised him, some conservative politicians felt Hitler needed to be Chancellor. These people planned to use Hitler for their own benefits. After this, Hitler was appointed chancellor, democratically. Then, in 1934, he became the Fuhrer and established a new government. Within one year of Hitler’s reign he made Germany into a one party state with Nazi flags raised high all across the country.

Kaveri River water dispute Essay

Kaveri river flows in South Karnataka and then to Tamil Nadu. The sharing of waters of the river Kaveri has been the source of a serious conflict between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The genesis of this conflict, rests in two controversial agreements—one signed in 1892 and another in 1924—between the erstwhile Madras Presidency and Princely State of Mysore. The 802 km Kaveri river [1] has 32,000 sq km basin area in Karnataka and 44,000 sq km basin area in Tamil Nadu. The state of Karnataka contends that it does not receive its due share of water from the river as does Tamil Nadu. Karnataka claims that these agreements were skewed heavily in favour of the Madras Presidency, and has demanded a renegotiated settlement based on â€Å"equitable sharing of the waters†. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage. Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state. Decades of negotiations between the parties bore no fruit. The Government of India then constituted a tribunal in 1990 to look into the matter. After hearing arguments of all the parties involved for the next 16 years, the tribunal delivered its final verdict on 5 February 2007. In its verdict, the tribunal allocated 419 billion ft ³ (12 km ³) of water annually to Tamil Nadu and 270 billion ft ³ (7.6 km ³) to Karnataka; 30 billion ft ³ (0.8 km ³) of Kaveri river water to Kerala and 7 billion ft ³ (0.2 km ³) to Pondicherry. The dispute however, appears not to have concluded, as all four states deciding to file review petitions seeking clarifications and possible renegotiation of the order. History of the dispute The British controlled both Mysore and Madras for a short period in the middle of the 19th century. During their regime, numerous plans were drawn up for the utilization of the Kaveri waters by both states. However, the drought and subsequent famine in the mid 1870s put a hold on the implementation of these plans. The plans were revived by Mysore in 1881, by which time Mysore was back in the hands of the Mysore kings, while present day Tamil Nadu continued to remain a part of the Madras Presidency. Mysore’s plans to revive the irrigation projects met with resistance from the Madras Presidency. Mysore state made a representation to the then British government; as a result of which, a conference was held in 1890 with the objective of agreeing â€Å"†¦on the principles of a modus vivendi, which would on the one hand allow to Mysore reasonable freedom in dealing with her irrigation works, and on the other, give to Madras practical security against injury to her interestsâ₠¬  and eventually the Agreement of 1892 was signed. Karnataka deems this agreement as having been between unequal partners because, while Mysore state was a princely state, Madras formed a part of the British Raj. Karnataka also considers this agreement to have been severely inimical to its interests as it gave sweeping powers and prescriptive rights to Madras, the lower riparian state. As per this agreement, Mysore was required to obtain Madras’ consent for any new irrigation reservoirs across any of the main rivers it wished to utilize and share information on any new irrigation scheme it wished to undertake to utilize the waters Things came to a head in 1910 when Mysore, under Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar as the king and Sir. M.Visvesvaraya as Chief Engineer came up with a plan to construct a dam at Kannambadi village to hold up to 41.5 TMC of water. The dam was planned to be built in two stages. In the first stage a capacity of 11 TMC was envisioned, while in the second stage the full capacity was set to be realized. Madras however, refused to give its consent for this move as it had its own plans to build a storage dam at Mettur with a capacity of 80 TMC. After a reference to the Government of India, permission was accorded to Mysore, but for a reduced storage of 11TMC. During construction, however, the foundation was laid to suit the earlier desired full storage. This raised Madras’ hackles and the dispute continued. As a result, the then British Government of India referred the matter to arbitration under Rule IV of the 1892 Agreement. The Cauvery dispute thus had come up for arbitration for the first time. Sir H D Griffin was appointed arbitrator and M. Nethersole, the Inspector General of Irrigation in India, was made the Assessor. They entered into proceedings on 16 July 1913 and the Award was given on 12 May 1914. The award upheld the earlier decision of the Government of India and allowed Mysore to go ahead with the construction of the dam up to 11 TMC. The agreement also stipulated that Mysore was not to increase its area under irrigation more than 110,000 acres (450 km2) beyond what was already existing, while the same cap for Madras Presidency was pegged at 301000|acre|km2. Nonetheless, Madras still appealed against the award and negotiations continued. Eventually an agreement was arrived at in 1924 and a couple of minor agreements were also signed in 1929 and 1933. The 1924 agreement was set to lapse after a run of 50 years. As a result of these agreements, Karnataka claims that Mysore was forced to give up rights. Post independence developments In 1947, India won independence from the British. This changed the equations drastically. Tamil Nadu was carved out of Madras Presidency and Mysore province became a state. Further in 1956, the reorganization of the states of India took place and state boundaries were redrawn based on linguistic demographics. Kodagu or Coorg (the birthplace of the Kaveri), became a part of Mysore state. Huge parts of erstwhile Hyderabad state and Bombay Presidency joined with Mysore state. Parts of Malabar which earlier formed part of Madras Presidency went to Kerala. Pondicherry had already become a de facto Union territory in 1954. All these changes further changed the equations as Kerala and Pondicherry also jumped into the fray. Kerala staked its claim as one of the major tributaries of the Kaveri, the Kabini, now originated in Kerala. Karaikal region of Pondicherry at the tail end of the river demanded the waters that it had always used for drinking and some minimal agriculture. While these additional claims complicated matters greatly at a technical level, Mysore state and Tamil Nadu still remained the major parties to the dispute. By the late 1960s, both states and the Central government began to realize the gravity of the situation as the 50 year run of the 1924 agreement was soon coming to an end. Negotiations were started in right earnest and discussions continued for almost 10 years 1970 s While discussions continued, a Cauvery Fact Finding Committee (CFFC) was constituted. The brief of the CFFC was to inspect the ‘ground’ realities and come up with a report. The CFFC came up with a preliminary report in 1972 and a final report in 1973. Inter state discussions were held based on this report. Finally in 1974, a draft agreement which also provided for the creation of a Cauvery Valley Authority was prepared by the Ministry of Irrigation. This draft however, was not ratified. While all these discussions went on, Tamil Nadu’s irrigated lands had grown from a pre-Mettur command area of 1,440,000 acres (5,800 km2) to 2,580,000 acres (10,400 km2) [7] while Karnataka’s irrigated area stood at 680,000 acres (2,800 km ²). Karnataka maintains that these figures demonstrate the lop-sided nature of the agreement.[7] In 1976, after a series of discussions between the two states and the Central government chaired by Jagjeevan Ram, the then Irrigation Minister, a final draft was prepared based on findings of the CFFC. This draft was accepted by all states and the Government also made an announcement to that effect in Parliament. Tamil Nadu came under President’s rule soon after that and the agreement was put on the backburner. When President’s rule was lifted, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) with M. G. Ramachandran at the helm came to power for the first time in Tamil Nadu and the dispute took a new turn. The Tamil Nadu government now rejected the draft agreement and started insisting that the 1924 agreement had only provided for an extension and not a review. It began insisting that status quo be restored and everyone go back to the agreements of 1892 and 1924. This however, did not cut ice with Karnataka which had throughout maintained that those agreements were partisan and had been signed between unequal partners. When Karnataka began construction of the Harangi dam at Kushalanagara in Kodagu, it was once again met with resistance from Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu went to court demanding the constitution of a Tribunal under the Inter State Water Disputes Act (ISWD) of 1956. It also demanded the immediate stoppage of construction work at the dam site. As a result of Tamil Nadu’s protests, Karnataka had to fund the construction under the non-plan head and this led to a severe strain on its finances.[8] 1980s Later Tamil Nadu withdrew its case demanding the constitution of a tribunal and the two states started negotiating again. Several rounds of discussions were held in the 1980s. The result was still, a stalemate. In 1986, a farmer’s association from Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu moved the Supreme Court demanding the constitution of a tribunal. While this case was still pending, the two states continued many rounds of talks. This continued till April 1990 and yet yielded no results. The constitution of the tribunal The Supreme Court then directed the government headed by Prime Minister V. P. Singh to constitute a tribunal and refer all disputes to it. A three man tribunal was thus constituted on 2 June 1990. The tribunal was headquartered at New Delhi and was to be headed by Justice Chittatosh Mookerjee.[3][9] The four states presented their demands to the tribunal as under * Karnataka – claimed 465 billion ft ³ (13 km ³) as its share * Kerala – wants 99.8 billion ft ³ (2.83 km ³) as its share * Pondicherry – claims 9.3 billion ft ³ (0.3 km ³) * Tamil Nadu – wants the flows to be ensured in accordance with the terms of the agreements of 1892 and 1924 (ie., 566 billion ft ³ (16 km ³) for Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry; 177 billion ft ³ (5 km ³) for Karnataka and 5 billion ft ³ (0.1 km ³) for Kerala). [edit]Interim award and the riots Soon after the tribunal was set up, Tamil Nadu demanded a mandatory injunction on Karnataka for the immediate release of water and other reliefs. This was dismissed by the tribunal. Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court which directed the tribunal to reconsider Tamil Nadu’s plea. The tribunal reconsidered Tamil Nadu’s plea and gave an interim award on 25 June 1991. In coming up with this award, the tribunal calculated the average inflows into Tamil Nadu over a period of 10 years between 1980–81 and 1989–90. The extreme years were ignored for this calculation. The average worked out to 205 billion ft ³ (5.8 km ³) which Karnataka had to ensure reached Tamil Nadu in a water year. The award also stipulated the weekly and monthly flows to be ensured by Karnataka for each month of the water year. The tribunal further directed Karnataka not to increase its irrigated land area from the existing 1,120,000 acres (4,500 km2) Karnataka deemed this extremely inimical to its interests and issued an ordinance seeking to annul the tribunal’s award. The Supreme Court now stepped in at the President’s instance and struck down the Ordinance issued by Karnataka. It upheld the tribunal’s award which was subsequently gazetted by the Government of India on 11 December 1991. Karnataka was thus forced to accept the interim award and widespread demonstrations and violence broke out in parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu following this. Thousands of Tamil families had to flee from Bangalore in fear of being attacked and lynched by pro-Kannada activists. The violence and show down, mostly centered in the Tamil populated parts of Bangalore, lasted for nearly a month and most schools and educational institutions in Bangalore remained closed during this period. The crisis of 1995–1996 In 1995, the monsoons failed badly in Karnataka and Karnataka found itself hard pressed to fulfill the interim order. Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court demanding the immediate release of at least 30 billion ft ³. The Supreme Court refused to entertain Tamil Nadu’s petition and asked it to approach the tribunal. The tribunal examined the case and recommended that Karnataka release 11 billion ft ³. Karnataka pleaded that 11 billion ft ³ was unimplementable in the circumstances that existed then. Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court demanding that Karnataka be forced to obey the tribunal’s order. The Supreme Court this time recommended that the then Prime Minister, Mr. P. V. Narasimha Rao intervene and find a political solution. The Prime Minister convened a meeting with the Chief Ministers of the two states and recommended that Karnataka release 6 billion ft ³ instead of the 11 billion ft ³ that the tribunal ordered. Karnataka complied with the de cision of the Prime Minister and the issue blew over. Constitution of the CRA Karnataka had all through maintained that the interim award was not ‘scientific’ and was inherently flawed. It had, nevertheless, complied with the order except during 1995–96 when rains failed. What complicated matters was that the Interim award was ambiguous on distress sharing and there was no clear cut formula that everyone agreed upon to share the waters in the case of failure of the monsoon. In 1997, the Government proposed the setting up of a Cauvery River Authority which would be vested with far reaching powers to ensure the implementation of the Interim Order. These powers included the power to take over the control of dams in the event of the Interim Order not being honoured. Karnataka, which had always maintained that the interim order had no scientific basis and was intrinsically flawed, strongly protested the proposal to set up such an authority. The Government then made several modifications to the powers of the Authority and came up with a new proposal. The new proposal greatly reduced the executive powers of the Authority. The power to take over control of dams was also done away with. Under this new proposal, the Government set up two new bodies, viz., Cauvery River Authority and Cauvery Monitoring Committee. The Cauvery River Authority would consist of the Prime Minister and the Chief Ministers of all four states(Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala) and was headquartered in New Delhi. The Cauvery Monitoring Committee on the other hand, was an expert body which consisted of engineers, technocrats and other officers who would take stock of the ‘ground realities’ and report to the government . The flare up and high drama of 2002 In the summer of 2002, things once again came to a head as the monsoon failed in both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Reservoirs in both states fell to record low levels and inevitably tempers rose. The sticking point yet again, as in 1995–96 was how the distress would be shared between the two states. The tribunal had overlooked this crucial point[10] when it gave the interim award and it had returned once again to haunt the situation. Tamil Nadu demanded that Karnataka honour the interim award and release to Tamil Nadu its proportionate share. Karnataka on the other hand stated that the water levels were hardly enough to meet its own demands and ruled out releasing any water in the circumstances that prevailed.[11] CRA meeting and the Supreme Court order A meeting of the CRA was called on 27 August but the Karnataka chief minister walked out of the meeting. The focus now shifted to the Supreme Court which ordered Karnataka to release 1.25 billion ft ³ of water every day unless CRA revised it. Karnataka started the release of water but pressed for another meeting of the CRA which was fixed for 8 September. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister this time boycotted the meet citing insufficient notice as the reason. A minister from her cabinet, however represented Tamil Nadu. The CRA revised the Court’s order from 1.25 billion ft ³ to 0.8 billion ft ³ per day. This time however, the Karnataka government in open defiance of the order of the CRA, refused to release any water succumbing to the large scale protests that had mounted in the Kaveri districts of the state. Tamil Nadu aghast at the defiance, went back to the Supreme Court. Karnataka now resumed the release of water for a few days, but stopped it again on 18 September as a protesting farmer committed suicide by jumping into the reservoir and the protests threatened to take a dangerous turn. The centre now stepped in and asked Karnataka to release the water. The SC meanwhile, in response to Tamil Nadu’s petition asked the CRA for details of the water release and water levels in the reservoirs. The CRA in turn ordered for the inspections of the reservoirs. While the CRA inspected the reservoirs in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (on 23 September) flatly refused to grant them permission to inspect its reservoirs. This move by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, coupled with her earlier walkout and boycott of the CRA meets, came in for severe criticism from all quarters. On 30 September the Supreme court ordered Tamil Nadu to co-operate with the CRA and Tamil Nadu gave in Demonstrations The flare up had by now, well and truly taken an ugly turn and there were accusations and counter accusations being thrown all around in both states. The opposition parties in Tamil Nadu too had jumped into the fray and at the same time joining Jayalalitha in stinging rebukes of both the Centre and the CRA, while the opposition parties in Karnataka expressed their full solidarity with the Congress-led Karnataka government to protect their right to the Kaveri water. To add to all this, the dispute had already spilled onto the streets in the district of Mandya in Karnataka and was threatening to spread to other parts of the state too. Precipitating the matters on the streets, the SC ordered Karnataka on 3 October to comply with the CRA and resume the release of water. Karnataka once again refused to obey the orders of SC. Tamil Nadu slapped another contempt petition on Karnataka and soon the issue degenerated into a ‘free for all’ with all and sundry from both states joini ng the protests. Soon, film actors and various other cross sections of society from both states were on the streets. Tamil TV channels and screening of Tamil films were blocked in Karnataka. Also all buses and vehicles from Tamil Nadu were barred from entering Karnataka. The belligerence soon hit a crescendo with Tamil activists calling for a stoppage of power from the Neyveli Power station to Karnataka as a tit-for-tat measure. A Pan-Tamil militant outfit (a month or so later) went ahead and blasted a major power transformer supplying power to the neighbouring states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.[12] The Karnataka Chief Minister, Mr. S. M. Krishna on the other hand, fearing that the situation might spiral out of control, embarked on a padayatra from Bangalore to Mandya. While some saw this as merely a gimmick, some, like U R Ananthamurthy saw it as a good faith effort to soothe tempers and joined him in the yatra. 2003–2006 This period did not see any major flare up in the dispute even though the summer of 2003 saw a dry spell in both states. The monsoons in 2004, 2005 and 2006 was quite copious and this helped a great deal in keeping the tempers calm. While the last 3 or 4 years have been relatively quiet as far as jingoistic voices are concerned, a flurry of development has been afoot in the courts. The term of the tribunal was initially set to expire in August 2005. However, in the light of the many arguments the court was yet to hear, the tribunal filed a request for extension of its term. The extension was granted and the tribunal’s term was extended for another year until September 2006. Early in 2006, a major controversy erupted over the ‘Assessor’s report’ that was apparently ‘leaked’ to the press. The report had suggested a decision which Karnataka summarily rejected. Another major controversy erupted when just a couple of months before the September 2006 deadline, the tribunal recommended the formation of another expert committee to study the ‘ground realities’ yet again. This was unanimously and vehemently opposed by all the four states party to the dispute. The states contended that this move would further delay a judgment which has already been 16 years in the making. More than the disapproval of all the four states of the new expert committee that was proposed, the proposal turned out to be a major embarrassment for the tribunal. This was because, not only were the four states opposed to it, even the Chief Judge of the tribunal was opposed to it. However the other two assistant judges on 3-man adjudication team, overruled the opinion of the main Judge. And all this was done in a packed courtroom and this led to petty bickering and heated arguments between the three judges in the packed courtroom. This left everyone in the courtroom shocked and the Tamil Nadu counsel was moved to remark that it was embarrassing that the judges probably needed help settling their own disputes before adjudicating on the dispute at hand. Nonetheless, the new expert committee was formed and carried out further assessments. Subsequently, the extended deadline of the tribunal also passed and the tribunal was given yet another extension. Judgement The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal announced its final verdict on 5 February 2007. According to its verdict,[13] Tamil Nadu gets 419 billion ft ³ (12 km ³) of Cauvery water while Karnataka gets 270 billion ft ³ (7.6 km ³). The actual release of water by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu is to be 192 billion ft ³ (5.4 km ³) annually. Further, Kerala will get 30 billion ft ³ and Pondicherry 7 billion ft ³. Tamil Nadu appears to have been accepting the verdict[citation needed] while the government of Karnataka, unhappy with the decision, filed a revision petition before the tribunal seeking a review[citation needed]. 2012 On 19th Sep 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , who is also the Chairman of Cauvery River Authority (CRA), directed Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu at Biligundlu (the border) daily from September 21 t-19}} But Karnataka felt that this was impractical due to the drought conditions prevailing because of the failed monsoon. Karnataka then walked out of the high level meeting as a sign of protest. On Sep 21, 2012, Karnataka filed a petition before the Cauvery River Authority seeking review of its September 19 ruling. On Sep 24 ,2012, Tamil Nadu Chief minister directed the officials to immediately file a petition in the Supreme Court seeking a direction to Karnataka to release Tamil Nadu its due share of water.[14] On Sep 28, 2012, the Supreme Court slammed the Karnataka government for failing to comply with the directive of the CRA. [15] Left with no other option, Karnataka started releasing water. This led to wide protests and violence in Karnataka. [16] On Oct 4, 2012, the Karnataka government filed a review petition before the Supreme Court seeking a stay on its September 28 order directing it to release 9,000 cusecs of Cauvery water everyday to Tamil Nadu, until October 15. [17] On Oct 6, 2012, Several Kannada organisations, under the banner of â€Å"Kannada Okkoota†, called a Karnataka bandh (close down) on October 6 in protest against the Cauveri water release. [18] On Oct 8, 2012, Supreme Court of India has announced the release of 9000 cusecs has to be continued and its upto the CRA head, the Prime Minister is the responsible person. On Oct 8, 2012, the Prime Minister ruled out a review of the Cauvery River Authority’s (CRA) decision asking Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs of water daily to Tamil Nadu till October 20, rejecting the plea by both the Congress and BJP leaders from Karnataka. Within a few hours from this, Karnataka stopped release of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu [19] On Oct 9, 2012, Tamil Nadu chief minister directed authorities to immediately file a contempt petition against the Karnataka government for flouting the verdict of the Supreme Court by unilaterally stopping the release of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu.[20] On Oct 17, 2012, Tamil Nadu made a fresh plea in the Supreme Court reiterating its demand for issuing appropriate directions to Karnataka to make good the shortfall of 48 tmcft of water as per the distress sharing formula.[21] On Nov 15, 2012, The Cauvery Monitoring Committee, directed the Karnataka government to release 4.81 tmcft to Tamil Nadu between November 16 and 30, 2012 [22] On Dec 6, 2012, The supreme court directed Karnataka to release 10,000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu. SC has asked centre to indicate the time frame within which the final decision of cauvery water dispute tribunal(which was given in feb 2007) will be notified. This decision was given in the view of saving the standing crops of both the states. [23]